Israel Is One of Only 5 Countries Without a Written Constitution. What Can It Learn From One of the Oldest—the UK?
The Media Line speaks to constitutional experts to explore lessons for Israel from the United Kingdom, which has operated for more than a millennium without a written constitution
In the face of proposed controversial judicial reforms, the long-standing debate concerning Israel’s absence of a written constitution, a decision made during the tumultuous times following its establishment in 1948, has resurfaced.
When Israel was established in 1948, its Declaration of Independence mandated that a constitution would be written within five months. But those tasked with drafting the constitution were unable to come to a consensus, and Israel has now gone 75 years without a written constitution.
Instead, Israel has a series of Basic Laws—quasi-constitutional laws that had originally been intended as the basis for the eventual constitution. The status of the Basic Laws and the requirements for passing new ones have been among the subjects of the proposed judicial reforms. Some critics of the reforms say that Israel’s democratic nature would be better protected if Israel had an actual written constitution and not just the Basic Laws.
Much of Israel’s current clashes can be traced back to the 1990s, when Israeli Chief Justice Aharon Barak advanced the notion that Basic Laws should be treated as having constitutional authority. Barak empowered the High Court to strike down legislation that contradicted a Basic Law, broadening constitutional protections even without a formal written constitution.
There are now moves from the Knesset to limit and override the High Court’s power of judicial review, which critics say will leave Israel vulnerable to potential undemocratic abuses of power unless the country adopts a formal, written constitution.
Israel is one of only five countries without a written constitution, along with Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom.
The UK never had a written constitution because it never needed one. Israel never had a written constitution because it could never afford one.
Professor Eugene Kontorovich, a professor of law at George Mason University and a scholar at the Kohelet Policy Forum, the Israeli think tank behind the proposed judicial reforms, said that the UK and Israel have very different reasons for lacking a constitution.
“The UK never had a written constitution because it never needed one. Israel never had a written constitution because it could never afford one,” Kontorovich told The Media Line. Amid war, mass immigration, and austerity following Israel’s founding, the country was unable to devote the time to writing a constitution and was unwilling to risk tearing the public apart.
One reason for the UK lacking a written constitution is simply the country’s age, Kontorovich said. The English Parliament dates to the 13th century.
Although the UK lacks a codified written constitution, it does have a collection of written documents and unwritten arrangements that establish the country’s principles.
Retired Israeli jurist Philip Marcus, who was born and educated in the UK, said that England’s unwritten constitution includes not just written laws but also “conventions,” unwritten agreements around “the things that are done and the things that are not done.”
“It’s rather difficult to define in words, but the underlying principle is that we are all in this together and we are all working for the benefit of everybody,” Marcus said of the British constitutional conventions.
He attributed the country’s ability to withstand various internal disagreements throughout the years around workers’ and women’s rights to conventions that defined appropriate political behavior.
Kontorovich said that a constitution represents a social consensus and that that sort of consensus simply doesn’t exist in Israel.
He pointed to the debates around the judicial reforms as an example of the Israeli populace’s inability to reach a consensus. He said that the “simple compromises” contained within the reforms—like a proposal to restructure the composition of the Supreme Court—would be more effective than an attempt to reach a broad consensus.
“Having a constitution for the sake of having a constitution doesn’t necessarily make anything better,” he said.
Kontorovich and Marcus both said that Israel can continue to get along fine without a constitution.
“Israel can be strong and powerful and wealthy without it,” Kontorovich said. He said that whether Israel would do better with a constitution would depend on what the constitution said and how it was adopted.
For Marcus, a constitution has the potential to help Israel deal with its various crises, but this possibility is not sufficient to justify the difficult process of writing and passing one.
Rather than writing a constitution, “it may be better to just make adjustments, which is basically what the judicial reforms are about,” Marcus said.
A constitution is the only thing that will give us one ethos, clearly, that we all have in common
Opposition Leader Yair Lapid is one of the main voices calling for Israel to establish a written constitution. In an essay he published on his Facebook page, Lapid said that the crisis around the judicial reforms should lead to the creation of a better, more complete, less hateful Israeli society. “In other words, we must write a constitution,” he wrote. “A constitution is the only thing that will give us one ethos, clearly, that we all have in common.”
David Newman, a professor in the Politics and Government Department at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, said that he supports Israel having a constitution but thinks that it’s unlikely to happen given how polarized Israeli society is.
“There has to be agreement on Israeli contentious issues about religion in the state, about the rights of Palestinians, the rights of all its citizens” in order to write a constitution, Newman said.
He noted that even writing a constitution would not be a perfect way to enshrine a certain set of elements of Israeli governance, since a constitution can be changed with a large enough majority.
